flowchart LR
    A["Third Industrial Revolution —<br/>automation/IT-based<br/>electronically controlled production"] --"CPS, IoT, AI —<br/>digital fusion"--> B["Fourth Industrial Revolution —<br/>cyber-physical systems,<br/>autonomous intelligent manufacturing"] --"Smart factories,<br/>digital twins"--> C["Mass-personalized,<br/>customer-tailored production"]

    style A fill:#E3F2FD,stroke:#1976D2,color:#000
    style B fill:#1E3A5F,stroke:#1E3A5F,color:#fff
    style C fill:#E8F5E9,stroke:#388E3C,color:#000
  

    flowchart TD
    subgraph R1["　"]
        direction LR
        T1["IoT / Industrial IoT<br/>connecting sensors and devices,<br/>real-time data collection"]
        T2["Big data / AI<br/>production-data analysis,<br/>predictive maintenance and quality"]
        T3["Cloud computing<br/>flexible manufacturing IT —<br/>moving MES/ERP to the cloud"]
    end
    subgraph R2["　"]
        direction LR
        T4["Collaborative robots (Cobots)<br/>human-robot collaboration,<br/>flexible production lines"]
        T5["Digital twin<br/>virtualizing the physical factory,<br/>simulation and optimization"]
        T6["Additive manufacturing (3D printing)<br/>custom part production,<br/>no tooling required"]
    end
    subgraph R3["　"]
        direction LR
        T7["AR/VR<br/>worker support,<br/>remote maintenance"]
        T8["Cybersecurity<br/>integrated OT/IT security,<br/>protecting ICS/SCADA"]
        T9["Autonomous mobile robots<br/>AMR/AGV,<br/>logistics automation"]
    end

    style T1 fill:#E3F2FD,stroke:#1976D2,color:#000
    style T2 fill:#F3E5F5,stroke:#7B1FA2,color:#000
    style T3 fill:#FFF3E0,stroke:#F57C00,color:#000
    style T4 fill:#E8F5E9,stroke:#388E3C,color:#000
    style T5 fill:#FFEBEE,stroke:#D32F2F,color:#000
    style T6 fill:#E0F2F1,stroke:#00796B,color:#000
    style T7 fill:#E8EAF6,stroke:#3949AB,color:#000
    style T8 fill:#FFF9C4,stroke:#F9A825,color:#000
    style T9 fill:#FCE4EC,stroke:#C2185B,color:#000
    style R1 fill:none,stroke:none
    style R2 fill:none,stroke:none
    style R3 fill:none,stroke:none
  

    flowchart TD
    subgraph L1["Shop-Floor Control Level (OT)"]
        direction LR
        F1["Sensors/actuators —<br/>equipment, robots, AGVs"]
        F2["PLC/DCS/CNC —<br/>real-time control"]
    end
    subgraph L2["Operations Management Level (MES)"]
        direction LR
        M1["MES —<br/>production execution management,<br/>work orders, quality, tracking"]
        M2["SCADA —<br/>process monitoring,<br/>data collection and visualization"]
    end
    subgraph L3["Business Management Level (ERP/Cloud)"]
        direction LR
        E1["ERP/PLM —<br/>management, resource, and<br/>product lifecycle management"]
        E2["Big data/AI —<br/>predictive analytics,<br/>optimization and decision-making"]
    end

    L1 -->|"Real-time data collection"| L2
    L2 -->|"Integrated production information"| L3
    L3 -->|"Production instructions/optimization"| L2

    style L1 fill:#E8F5E9,stroke:#388E3C,color:#1B5E20
    style L2 fill:#E3F2FD,stroke:#1976D2,color:#1E3A5F
    style L3 fill:#1E3A5F,stroke:#1E3A5F,color:#fff